Machine learning-guided bioelectrical impedance mapping for rapid adjunctive margin assessment in Mohs surgery.

The peripheral nervous system (PNS) constitutes a crucial communication network linking the central nervous system (CNS) to the rest of the body, thereby enabling both sensory perception and motor control (National Cancer Institute; Koop and Tadi, ). Among the twelve cranial nerves (CN) of the PNS, several play essential sensory roles, mediating modalities such as vision, hearing, taste, smell, and touch (Cleveland Clinic, ). The olfactory (CN I) and optic (CN II) nerves are unique among the cranial nerves, as they are considered direct extensions of the CNS. The optic nerve is myelinated by oligodendrocytes, whereas olfactory axons are unmyelinated and are supported by specialized olfactory ensheathing cells rather than Schwann cells (Rueda-Lopes, ). Sensory neuropathies affecting the auditory, visual, and olfactory systems arise from a wide range of etiologies, including ischemic and inflammatory processes, autoimmune or infectious insults, toxic exposures, nutritional deficiencies, trauma, neurodegenerative diseases, and genetic mutations affecting neuronal or glial function. Ageing and chronic oxidative stress further contribute to the progressive degeneration of sensory neurons and synaptic connections (Kujawa and Liberman, ; Williams et al., ). Damage to the optic (II), vestibulocochlear (VIII), or olfactory (I) cranial nerves results in optic, auditory, and olfactory neuropathies, respectively, as illustrated in Fig. .