Development of a Diagnostic Tool for Elbow Instability Combining 4D-CT Imaging and Mechanical Load Analysis.

Globally, breast cancer remains the leading malignancy among women, with a substantial burden in both high‑ and low‑resource settings []. Although incidence rates are higher in wealthy nations, mortality rates are disproportionately elevated in less developed countries [, ]. In high‑income regions such as the United Kingdom, Australia, and Eastern Europe, more than 60% of cases are detected at early stages (I or II), which considerably improves prognosis []. By contrast, women in low‑income countries frequently present with metastatic disease at the time of diagnosis [, , , ]. Projections indicate that by 2040, annual new breast cancer cases will exceed 3 million (a > 40% increase), and annual deaths will reach 1 million (a > 50% increase from 685,000 in 2020) []. In Iran, breast cancer is also the most prevalent cancer among women []. Breast cancer is a multifactorial disease resulting from the complex interplay of genetic, hormonal, lifestyle, and environmental factors. These risk factors are broadly categorized as non‐modifiable and modifiable. Non‐modifiable risk factors include advancing age, female sex, a positive family history of breast cancer, inherited genetic mutations (e.g., BRCA1/2), and a personal history of certain other malignancies [, , , , ]. Reproductive factors with a significant non‐modifiable component include early age at menarche, late age at menopause, nulliparity, and older age at first birth, while a history of breastfeeding is recognized as a protective factor [, , , ]. Conversely, modifiable risk factors, which are amenable to intervention, encompass lifestyle and behavioral elements such as physical inactivity, postmenopausal obesity (high BMI), alcohol consumption, tobacco smoking, and inadequate intake of fruits, vegetables, and vitamin supplements [, , ]. It is noteworthy that, according to the American Cancer Society, established risk factors account for only approximately 25% of breast cancer cases, underscoring the complexity of its etiology []. The risk factor profile for breast cancer has been explored in various populations, including Iran, where studies have identified several key domains. Genetic and historical factors, such as aging and family history, remain prominent []. Hormonal and reproductive factors, including early menarche, late menopause, and specific pregnancy‐related characteristics, are also consistently reported [, , , ]. Furthermore, lifestyle‐related risks, notably obesity and poor dietary habits, alongside medical interventions like hormone replacement therapy (HRT) and chest radiation therapy, contribute to the overall risk [, , , ]. Environmental and occupational exposures have also been implicated [, ]. This multifaceted array of factors highlights the complexity of breast cancer risk and reinforces the critical need for targeted prevention strategies and early detection efforts, particularly in populations with unique demographic and cultural characteristics.