Safety and effectiveness of a modified technique for three-piece inflatable penile prosthesis implantation under local anesthesia with a minimal scrotal incision (Wang's incision) in the treatment of

After the shoulder, the elbow joint is the second most dislocated joint. A common cause is axial overloading of the forearm, for example, due to a fall, which can damage the stabilizing ligamentous apparatus around the elbow joint, resulting in joint instability and subsequent dislocation. Without correct diagnosis the instability can lead to arthrosis, elbow stiffness and pain. The current diagnostic process involves a physician's manual arm examination, combined with fluoroscopy and tomographic imaging methods. The indication for operative treatment is still discussed between medical experts. The treatment for low- and high-grade instabilities is somehow clear but for patients in between sometimes the only way to make a decision goes through an arthroscopic surgery. The clinical assessment of chronic elbow instability is facing the same barriers. To assess the instability of the joint, for example the so-called varus and valgus stress tests are performed, during which the arm is loaded as shown in . The assessment of joint instability is based on the perception of the examining physician. This manual procedure leads to a high degree of subjectivity in the diagnosis and requires significant experience and expertise.