Current concepts in arthroscopic treatment for chronic lateral ankle instability: a clinical practice review.

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a leading cause of morbidity, affecting over half a billion people worldwide []. Historically, OA has been considered a mechanical disease, but its underlying aetiology is heterogeneous and is influenced by inflammatory, metabolic, and post-traumatic processes, which interact with lifestyle and socioeconomic factors []. Cartilage has limited regenerative capacity, and surgical intervention is often the only means of alleviating morbidity associated with trauma or disease []. Total joint arthroplasty, where the hip or knee is resurfaced with artificial coatings of metal, plastic, or ceramic, is commonly employed when all other treatment options have failed [,]. Typically, unsatisfactory remediation is common with increasing age [,]. Cartilage defects can also occur in the younger population, and the significant amount of cartilage within the joint can be amenable to alternative surgical interventions []. Furthermore, young patients are at significantly increased risk of prosthesis failure and arthroplasty revision and re-revision, compared with older patients [,].