A study of the association between the early pregnancy thrombosis-thyroid axis and pregnancy outcomes in patients with recurrent spontaneous abortion.

Skin injury is a key clinical issue, especially chronic wounds, such as diabetic ulcers [, , ], infected trauma [, , ], burn damage [, , ], radiation-induced skin injuries [, , ], and compromised skin flaps [, , ]. These wounds impose a considerable burden on patients and healthcare systems. Wound healing is a dynamic and multi-stage process, consisting of four overlapping stages: hemostasis, inflammatory, proliferative, and remodeling, and involves the interaction among various types of cells, cytokines and extracellular matrix (ECM) [,]. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have become a promising “cell-free” therapeutic strategy in promoting wound healing, owing to their good biocompatibility, low cytotoxicity, minimal immunogenicity, specific targeting ability, and the ability to cross biological barriers [, , ]. Currently, EVs can be mammalian-driveded in (MEVs), bacterial-derived EVs (BEVs), and plant-derived EVs []. Among them, MEVs are nanoscale phospholipid bilayer vesicles [] and rich in functional molecular cargoes, including proteins, lipids, metabolites, DNA, and various types of RNAs [,]. These bioactive molecules contribute to intercellular communication and regulate key cellular processes in wound healing, such as improving the functions of endothelial cells [,], fibroblasts [], and keratinocytes [,]. The therapeutic effect of EVs depends on their cellular source [, , ], thus emphasizing the necessity of selecting the source of EV for specific wound types. Numrous studies have demonstrated that EVs exhibit diverse biological functions in skin wound repair, such as antioxidant [], anti-inflammation [], neovascularization [], re-epithelialization and regeneration of skin appendages, such as hair follicle growth [, , ] and sweat gland restoration []. A bibliometric analysis was performed using VOSviewer software on literature retrieved from the Web of Science Core Collection Database, including 21, 523 publications related to “exosome” or “extracellular vesicle” and “wound”. From 27, 027 extracted keywords, 309 terms occurred at least 30 times. As shown in A, these keywords were clustered into five major groups: cluster 1 (red nodes, focusing on EV-based wound therapeutics), cluster 2 (purple nodes, centering on the immune regulation mediated by EVs), cluster 3 (blue nodes, highlighting EV-based drug delivery systems), cluster 4 (green nodes, focusing on the EV biogenesis and biomarkers), cluster 5 (yellow nodes, covering neurogenesis, neuroinflammation, neurodegeneration, neuroprotection related to EVs). The growing research interest in exosome or EVs for wound repair over the past decade highlights the significant opportunities for future exploration (B). (A) Author keyword co-occurrence network visualization analysis created by VOSviewer software (version VOSviewer 1.6.20) with top keywords extracting from over 21, 523 previously published articles (data obtained December 5, 2025) related to “exosome” or “extracellular vesicle” and “wound” in the Web of Science Core Collection Database. (B) Number of publications on EVs and wounds published in the last 10 years according to Web of Science Core Collection Database (the keywors are “exosome” or “extracellular vesicle” and “wound”). (C) Schematic illustration of biogenesis of EV subtypes and the EV-loaded biomaterial platforms with a variety of forms such as nanocomposites, hydrogels, microneedle patches, electrospun membranes, 3D-printed scaffolds, and microspheres, as well as their biological functions for the repair of various skin wounds.