Effectiveness and safety of sumatriptan 85 mg/naproxen sodium 500 mg combination for acute migraine: prospective real-world evidence from the GRASP Study Group.

Malaria remains a major global health challenge, causing approximately 263 million cases and 597 000 deaths worldwide in 2023, with sub-Saharan Africa accounting for over 94% of the burden. Although 18 countries have been certified malaria-free since 2000, the recent surge in malaria prevalence is driven by multiple factors, including increased resistance to treatments, climate variability, and persistent reservoirs of asymptomatic human infections. The urgency for equitable diagnostic solutions is further underscored by recent warnings that malaria is poised for a devastating comeback in Africa due to funding gaps and biological threats. Current vaccines, including RTS,S/AS01 and R21/Matrix-M, are important additions to malaria control but provide partial protection and require multi-dose delivery and cold-chain implementation, which remain challenging in remote or resource-limited settings. The World Health Organization has warned of increasing resistance to antimalarial drugs and vector control, as well as growing transmission in urban settings, which together threaten to reverse decades of progress. Malaria results from infection with protozoan parasites of the genus , which are transmitted to humans through the bite of female mosquitoes. Among approximately 156 species that infect vertebrates, five are known to infect humans: (), , (), (), and . Among these, is the most dangerous and can be life-threatening, as severe infections may lead to complications including liver and kidney failure, seizures, and coma. In contrast, and infections are usually less severe, but they can remain dormant in the liver for extended periods, causing relapses and recurrent symptoms months or even years after the initial illness. From a diagnostic perspective, this diversity of species, life-cycle stages, and parasite densities presents a major challenge: detection platforms must provide high analytical sensitivity while preserving species-level discrimination. If all species cannot be differentiated, distinguishing from non-falciparum infections is often beneficial in sub-Saharan Africa. Such capability is essential for guiding appropriate treatment, identifying mixed infections and relapse-prone cases, and supporting surveillance. Efforts to achieve a malaria-free world follow a continuum from control to pre-elimination, elimination, and finally prevention of reintroduction. Malaria detection and diagnosis play a key role in all malaria programs. Malaria control emphasizes accurate, timely, affordable, and field-deployable diagnosis for routine symptomatic case management. Malaria elimination requires these same attributes plus the ability to detect low-density, asymptomatic, and residual infections and to support surveillance, high-throughput screening, and outbreak response. Achieving malaria control, elimination, and eradication depends on testing all suspected and asymptomatic infections, which highlights the urgent need for affordable, scalable, and especially noninvasive detection tools. Conventional malaria diagnosis relies on rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs), microscopy of blood smears, and nucleic acid amplification techniques, including polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP).