The characterization of Parkinson's disease related pain based on the classification system: The severity of neuropathic pain and the clinical profile of nociplastic pain.

Migraine is a complex neurological condition characterized by recurrent headache attacks, autonomic and sensory disturbances, and, in approximately one-third of cases, reversible localized neurological manifestations known as aura (). The World Health Organization ranks migraine as the third most common and second most disabling neurological disorder worldwide. According to the Global Health Estimates 2021, migraine was the third leading neurological cause of disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) worldwide, following stroke and neonatal encephalopathy. Not all neurological disease burden is attributable to population aging, highlighting the importance of quantifying the overall health loss associated with nervous system disorders across the lifespan (, ). With the increasing utilization of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in clinical practice and research, multiple studies have identified a higher prevalence of white matter lesions (WMLs)—also referred to as white matter hyperintensities—in individuals with migraine compared to the general population (, ). These lesions appear as hyperintense areas on T2-weighted and fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) sequences and are predominantly located in the deep and periventricular white matter regions (, ). Notably, WMLs have been documented in relatively young migraine patients who lack traditional vascular risk factors, suggesting a migraine-specific mechanism (, ). A recent meta-analysis of observational studies involving over 3,500 migraineurs reported a pooled WML prevalence of approximately 44%, with comparable rates observed in patients with aura (45%) and those without aura (38%). The frontal lobes and subcortical white matter represent the most frequently affected regions, suggesting a characteristic spatial distribution pattern in migraine (). Furthermore, individuals with migraine demonstrate a significantly higher burden of WMLs than age-matched non-migraine controls, exhibiting more than four times the likelihood of having such lesions (). Several factors have been consistently linked to an increased burden of these lesions, including female sex, higher frequency of migraine attacks, and longer disease duration (, ). However, data across studies remain heterogeneous, and the strength of these associations varies considerably according to study design, imaging protocols, and population characteristics ().