Melissa officinalis Mitigates Psoriasis-Associated Cardiac Remodeling Through Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Mechanisms.

The irregular work schedules that are characteristic of modern life, particularly those involving shift work, disrupt human circadian rhythms, resulting in substantial alterations to sleep patterns and eating habits. Chronotype is a concept that reflects an individual’s circadian rhythms, thereby demonstrating differences in the timing of physiological processes such as body temperature, cortisol, and melatonin. These differences determine the hours during which individuals exhibit high levels of attention and work efficiency, and influence eating behaviors []. Individuals who are active late in the evening tend to consume more energy from animal protein, alcohol, processed sugars, and fats, while those who wake up early in the morning tend to consume more vegetables, legumes, calcium, and vitamin B6 []. A substantial relationship has been identified between nocturnal sleep patterns and the consumption of caffeine and processed foodstuffs. The impact of shift work on eating habits and metabolic responses has been a subject of considerable research. Human metabolism is not well-suited to nocturnal eating; the consumption of food at late hours increases the LDL/HDL cholesterol ratio and raises plasma triglyceride levels, increasing the risk of cardiovascular disease []. The literature suggests that lipid profiles are elevated in individuals who engage in shift work. Furthermore, sleep disorders are prevalent among individuals engaged in shift work, a phenomenon attributable to the inability of the circadian rhythm to adapt adequately. This, in turn, may contribute to impaired metabolism and an increased risk of mortality over time []. Moreover, epidemiological studies have indicated an elevated risk of specific types of cancer, including breast, colon, prostate, and endometrial cancer, in individuals who work night shifts. The International Agency for Research on Cancer has identified shift work as a “possible carcinogenic risk factor”. A meta-analysis by Wang et al. reported that the risk of colorectal cancer in individuals engaged in night-time work increased by 11% for every five-year period in comparison with those engaged in day-time work [,,]. A number of studies have demonstrated an association between chronotype and sleep status, physical activity, and food intake. Meta-analyses demonstrate that a reduced duration of sleep leads to an increase in total daily energy intake in healthy adults. Dashti et al. [] summarized evidence that individuals who sleep for short periods consume high-calorie meals and snacks at irregular intervals, thus revealing a relationship between insufficient sleep and binge eating. As demonstrated by Markwald et al. [], in subjects whose habitual sleep duration was reduced to 5 h for a period of 5 days, whilst there was a 5% increase in energy expenditure, the increase in food intake was more pronounced. This finding suggests that insufficient sleep duration can result in a positive energy balance and moderate weight gain. The ingestion of high glycemic index carbohydrates during nocturnal hours has been demonstrated to engender a state of somnolence and diminish cognitive function when compared with the consumption of high-fat diets [,,,,,].