The use of the Edmonton Obesity Staging System compared to body mass index to predict adverse pregnancy outcomes.

Temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) are clinical conditions that affect the temporomandibular joint (TMJ), masticatory muscle, and ligaments. TMD is a functional disorder that can afflict up to 60% of the adult population and is the second leading cause of orofacial pain after tooth pain. Approximately 29% of the Chinese population has TMDs. The symptoms of many TMD patients are acute in nature and tend to respond well to conventional treatment, although 10% of TMD is chronic despite treatment, resulting in a significant decrease in the quality of life. Patients with chronic pain are more dependent on external health information and trust it, but they also have frequent comorbidities with psychological disorders. Over half of chronic pain patients search for medical information online and more than half also consider it reliable, and this figure is twice the overall rate. TMD affects a large population throughout the world. TMD has been estimated to affect more than 5% of the population, with the greatest prevalence in the group aged 20–40 years. TMD occurs in both sexes but it is more prevalent in women than in men. The prevalence of TMD among the general population is 31% according to a study conducted in 16 countries (Brazil, Germany, China, Mexico, Poland, Norway, Vietnam, Sweden, Indonesia, KSA, Iran, Chile, the United States of America, Italy, the Netherlands, and Switzerland). In KSA, TMDs affect 27% of children and adolescents. Symptoms of TMD are common, where it affects 49.7% and 61% in the north of KSA and Al-Madinah, respectively. A recent study in Kuwait showed that pain caused by TMD had a prevalence of 26.8% with no gender variations. TMD was also found to affect more than 40% of 100 patients in the United Arab Emirates. The symptoms of TMD include joint pain, joint popping, joint dislocation, and joint movement dysfunction, which greatly affect the patient's quality of life with extensive effects on society in general. Epidemiological studies have shown that patients with TMDs are susceptible to various comorbidities, including headaches, general pains, fibromyalgia, and neck and back pains. In addition to pain, patients with TMDs can experience psychosocial problems such as stress, anxiety, depression, and catastrophizing pain. It has been demonstrated that gender and age are demographic factors that are strongly associated with the prevalence of TMD. Furthermore, occlusal considerations, such as malocclusion, loss of posterior teeth, and problems with the wisdom teeth, influence the occlusal stability and activity of the masticatory muscles. Certain oral habits, such as grinding teeth, teeth clenching, biting soft tissues (lips, tongue, and cheeks), unilateral chewing, biting hard objects, excessive mouth opening, breathing exclusively through the mouth, and chewing gum, can cause muscle and joint overloading, leading to or worsening the symptoms of TMD.