Trem2 negatively regulates the MTOR-PKCα axis to protect against Toxoplasma gondii-induced adverse pregnancy outcomes.

Self‐limited epilepsy with centrotemporal spikes (SeLECTS) is the most common focal epilepsy syndrome in childhood []. Seizures typically occur during sleep and are characterized by high‐amplitude centrotemporal spikes on electroencephalography (EEG) []. Although SeLECTS is traditionally considered to have a favorable prognosis with age‐related remission, affected children may experience cognitive impairments involving language, memory, attention, and executive functions, which can adversely affect academic performance and social functioning []. Therefore, exploring the neuropathological mechanisms underlying these cognitive impairments is of significant clinical importance for improving prognosis. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) circulation plays a critical role in clearing waste and maintaining brain homeostasis. In particular, the glymphatic system is a highly organized fluid transport system that facilitates the exchange of CSF and interstitial fluid (ISF), supporting the clearance of neurotoxic metabolites through perivascular spaces (PVS) and aquaporin‐4 (AQP4) channels localized on astrocytic endfeet. Glymphatic dysfunction has been linked to various neurological and neurodevelopmental disorders [, ]. In epilepsy, recurrent epileptiform activity induces neuroinflammatory responses and blood–brain barrier (BBB) disruption, which in turn may affect the neurovascular unit (NVU) and alter ISF homeostasis. These processes could disrupt AQP4 polarization through TGF‐β signaling pathways [, , ]. Animal studies have further demonstrated that glymphatic flow changes dynamically across different stages of epilepsy. During the acute phase, cytotoxic edema reduces the extracellular space volume and increases resistance to fluid movement, whereas chronic reactive gliosis contributes to the sustained suppression of CSF transport []. Furthermore, children with epilepsy exhibit increased visibility and dilation of Virchow‐Robin spaces, which may reflect alterations in perivascular fluid dynamics []. Collectively, these findings indicate a potential role for aberrant CSF dynamics and microenvironmental homeostatic disruption in the progression of epilepsy. The direct assessment of glymphatic function in pediatric populations remains challenging, as conventional approaches are invasive and often poorly tolerated. Consequently, noninvasive MRI‐based methods have attracted increasing attention. Specifically, the choroid plexus (CP) is the primary source of CSF, forming the blood‐CSF barrier and mediating substance exchange and immune regulation []. White matter free water (FW‐WM) reflects the extracellular water content and is sensitive to multiple pathological processes, such as edema and inflammation []. PVS provide anatomical pathways for fluid movement and solute transport within the brain []. Additionally, gBOLD‐CSF coupling captures coordinated low‐frequency fluctuations between global brain activity and CSF flow []. These complementary imaging markers are considered to indirectly reflect glymphatic‐related processes. Although alterations in these imaging metrics have been reported in various types of epilepsy [, ], their utility in children with SeLECTS remains to be elucidated. Thus, a comprehensive multiparametric evaluation should be performed in this population.