Adsorption-mediated modulation of lipopolysaccharide bioactivity by clinoptilolite zeolite with in vitro immunomodulatory effects and in vivo safety evaluation.

Bronchiectasis presents as a heterogeneous, chronic clinical syndrome rather than a monolithic disease entity. Radiologically defined by abnormal and usually irreversible bronchial dilatation, its clinical course reflects a destructive interplay among impaired mucociliary clearance, microbial colonization, persistent airway inflammation, structural tissue injury, and host susceptibility (, ). The classic “vicious cycle” model provides a useful conceptual baseline. However, individual patient trajectories diverge upon encountering this pathology. While certain individuals exhibit profiles dominated by intense neutrophilic inflammation and chronic bacterial infection, others feature allergic, eosinophilic, immunological, post-infective, genetic, or aspiration-related drivers. These distinct etiologies demand tailored diagnostic hierarchies and divergent therapeutic interventions. The global burden of non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis continues to climb across aging healthcare systems. This epidemiological rise stems from population aging, widespread adoption of high-resolution chest computed tomography (CT), improved survival rates following severe pulmonary infections, and heightened recognition of secondary bronchiectasis in systemic inflammatory and immune-mediated disorders (). Registries and large population-based cohorts in China emphasize the expanding public health relevance of this syndrome, highlighting substantial regional variations in both etiology and microbial colonization (). Consequently, traditional diagnostic touchstones no longer suffice. Traditional, purely descriptive radiological reporting no longer fulfills the requirements of targeted clinical care.