Emergence of KRAS mosaicism with multiple variants during treatment with alectinib in ALK-positive metastatic non-small cell lung cancer: A case report.

Understanding the intricate relationship between brain chemistry and electrophysiology is fundamental in deciphering how the brain functions, communicates, and maintains homeostasis. This interplay governs how chemical signals, such as neurotransmitters, modulate electrical activity, including action potentials, thereby ensuring efficient neural communication [,]. Advancements in electrophysiological and electrochemical sensors and biosensors now enable simultaneous recording of electrochemical and electrophysiological signals, offering a more comprehensive view of neuronal activity and chemical signaling [,,,,]. These neural tools are essential for capturing the dynamic interactions between neurotransmitter release, neurometabolic processes, and electrical activity, providing critical insights into both normal brain function and neurological disorders [,,,]. Microelectrode arrays (MEAs) can be fabricated from diverse substrates, including silicon, ceramics and polymers, and have gained significant relevance in neurobiology both as recording and stimulation probes [,,]. Ceramic-based microelectrodes are widely valued for their mechanical stability, biocompatibility, and excellent electrical properties [,,]. Their robustness allows them to withstand mechanical stresses associated with in vivo applications, while their chemical inertness and established biocompatibility support their use in chronic neural interfacing applications [,]. Additionally, these electrodes can be engineered to exhibit favorable electrical characteristics, such as low impedance and high charge injection capacity, which are essential for long-term neural interfacing [,]. Further surface modifications using conducting polymers, nanotubes, or nanoparticles can significantly enhance their electrochemical performance, which can improve sensitivity for neurotransmitter detection [,]. Polymer-based microelectrodes offer distinct advantages in terms of flexibility, ease of fabrication, and adaptability [,]. Their compliant mechanical properties tend to reduce tissue damage during implantation, while their customizable designs allow for tailored electrode configurations []. Those fabricated from Parylene C have gained prominence due to their biocompatibility, flexibility and chemical inertness, making them well-suited substrates for long-term neural recording and stimulation [,,,,]. The unique properties of Parylene C ensure that the electrodes maintain their electrical characteristics even under bending or other mechanical stress, thereby preserving stability and reliability during in vivo recordings [].