Progress in the Synthesis of Organoselenium Compounds: Conventional Routes Versus Green Approaches.

Over the last two decades, non-invasive brain stimulation techniques (NIBS), including transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and transcranial electrical stimulation (TES), have gained attention as tools to modulate neural activity and improve our understanding of the central nervous system functioning and its impact on behavior (; ). With regards to its therapeutic or performance enhancement potential in the areas of exercise and sport performance, it has been used in research to enhance motor performance and learning, cognitive training, and neuromuscular control (; ; ; ). However, despite the growing body of promising findings, our understanding of the neurobiological mechanisms through which TMS and TES influence brain function in health and disease remains limited. The purpose of this Research Topic, “Neuromodulation Techniques, Mechanisms, and Potential Benefits for Physical Activity Participation and Human Performance”, was to synthesize and advance the current knowledge on the neurobiological mechanisms impacting the efficacy of neuromodulation in physical activity and athletic performance. This Research Topic brings together 15 articles on NIBS and physical activity, spanning transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) in sport-specific and endurance performance, repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) and peripheral magnetic stimulation in people living with stroke, and tDCS alongside transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS), galvanic vestibular stimulation (GVS), and transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS) in exercise and balance. Two review papers complement these studies by summarizing tDCS effects on the neurovascular unit and examining the neural substrates regulating maximal voluntary contraction (MVC), a key marker of maximal strength. The study by assessed the tolerability of active multifocal tDCS (m-tDCS targeting lower-limb specific cortical areas and its efficacy to optimize late-stage performance and phase-specific muscle coordination during an incremental loading cycling exercise in healthy adults compared to sham tDCS. The results of this study indicated that m-tDCS was safe, well tolerated and there was an increase in physiological parameters relative to sham. Additionally, during the propulsion phase, electromyography findings for the quadriceps revealed that muscle contribution ratio of the m-tDCS group was significantly higher than that of the sham. Mechanistically, the authors hypothesized that m-tDCS contributes to changes in neural efficiency, muscle activation, and coordination leading to enhanced endurance. In another study examining neuromuscular coordination, examined the acute effects of M1- targeted tDCS on golf swing performance. Using a double-blind, randomized, counterbalanced crossover design, they investigated three different tasks requiring long-driving distance capacity and accuracy control in eight professional golfers. The study results demonstrated that active tDCS targeting the M1 region elicited acute and significant improvements in long-driving distance capacity measured using ball speed and carry distance in iron tasks and carry distance in the driver task compared to sham tDCS.