Comparative Phytochemical Profiling and In Vitro Antibiofilm Activity of the Aerial and Underground Parts of Primula veris subsp. columnae (Ten.) Lȕdi.

Adolescence represents a phase of physiological, psychological and social changes which cause higher nutritional vulnerability, and the consolidation of unhealthy eating habits can lead to the development of chronic diseases [], previously considered “adult diseases”, such as diabetes mellitus type 2, hypertension, dyslipidemia, obstructive sleep apnea, non-alcoholic hepatic disease, coronary diseases and various types of cancer, as well as an increased risk of metabolic syndrome (MS) [].Globally, it is estimated that 507 million children and adolescents, aged 5 to 19 years, will be overweight or obese by 2040 []. At the same time, there will also be an increase in the prevalence of comorbidities mediated by insulin resistance, which can develop at an early age due to excess body fat []. Cardiovascular health can be preserved through knowledge of most important behavioral risk factors of heart disease and stroke such as poor diet, physical inactivity, smoking and excessive alcohol consumption. These bad habits can cause an increase in blood pressure, raised blood glucose, raised blood lipids, and overweight and obesity []. That way some living habits common among adolescents can increase their risk for developing cardiovascular diseases, such as obesogenic diets [], insufficient sleep [], physical inactivity and sedentary behavior []. In addition, other adolescent behaviors can lead to nutritional deficiencies, e.g., a low intake of nutrients such as calcium [,] and vitamin D [,,,], which can also be related to low sun exposure []. There is evidence relating vitamin D shortage and obesity in adolescents [,]; this is significantly associated with MS components []. The mechanisms of vitamin D’s biological action on MS have not yet been revealed. However, evidence suggests that its insufficiency can alter the function of cell metabolites, including hindering pancreatic function [] and interfering with the secretion and sensibility of insulin, which represents a central role of MS. In the same way, the vitamin D receptor is present in β pancreatic cells, and adipose and musculoskeletal tissues, among other body tissues, and vitamin D deficiency can jeopardize pro-insulin conversion to insulin, harming glucose utilization and producing glucose intolerance []. In addition, vitamin D has an immunomodulatory role and regulates the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines involved in the development process of MS []. Even in light of findings that demonstrate the complex relationship between obesity, vitamin D, and metabolic markers in children and adolescents, it is essential to conduct studies aimed at elucidating the mechanisms underlying the role of vitamin D in insulin resistance and obesity [].