Editorial: Neuromodulation techniques, mechanisms, and potential benefits for physical activity participation and human performance.

The third cranial nerve (III CN), also known as the oculomotor nerve, has both somatic and autonomic functions. It innervates four extraocular muscles: elevator palpebrae superioris, ciliary muscles, and sphincter pupillae. The III CN controls the ipsilateral eye movements, pupillary constriction, and upper eyelid elevation, and governs visual tracking and gaze fixation. The true incidence of idiopathic or acquired III CN palsy largely remains uncertain. It is presumed to account for approximately 4 cases per 100,000 cases per year, mainly in patients older than 60 years.

While rare, neuropathies of the oculomotor nerve can lead to severe disability, which greatly affects patients' quality of life. Literature shows that the most common causes are idiopathic, metabolic, and vascular conditions. They also include aneurysms, autoimmune diseases, trauma, as well as both malignant and benign tumors.







Clinical presentations include permanent or transient paralysis, ptosis, diplopia, ophthalmoplegia, ocular deviation, and pupillary dysfunction.