Maternal exercise is associated with a shift in adiposity distribution and improved markers of adipose health in offspring in mice.

L. (cowslip) is a well-known medicinal plant, and its medicinal properties are supported by the European Medicines Agency Committee on Herbal Medicinal Products. The root preparations stimulated airway secretions, reducing the viscosity of phlegm and facilitating its expectoration [], while the flower preparations can be used as expectorants to alleviate coughs associated with colds [,] and for skin-related disorders []. extracts have also been reported to possess antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, diuretic, sedative and constrictive properties [,]. Biofilms represent structured microbial consortia capable of adhering to various surfaces, including biological tissues. They are able to synthesize an extracellular polymeric substance (EPS), which further enhances their resistance. This mode of organization allows microorganisms to function as a coordinated system with altered physiology compared with planktonic cells, including changes in gene expression and metabolic activity [,]. From a clinical perspective, biofilms play a crucial role in the development of chronic and recurrent infections. Typical representatives of biofilm-forming pathogens include , commonly associated with chronic pulmonary infections in patients with cystic fibrosis; and , which are leading causes of infections associated with medical implants and catheters; and , which is implicated in urinary tract infections [,]. Biofilm-associated infections are particularly difficult to treat because biofilms can evade the host immune response and persist within the organism. This is attributed both to the physical protection provided by the EPS matrix and to the presence of persisted cells with low metabolic activity []. A key characteristic of biofilms is their increased tolerance and resistance to antimicrobial agents. Furthermore, biofilms are recognized as a major factor contributing to infection chronicity, highlighting the need to develop novel prevention and treatment strategies aimed at disrupting biofilm structure and/or inhibiting the formation of these microbial consortia [,]. Data regarding the antibacterial properties of are limited and focused mainly on the aerial parts of the plant [,,]. Recently, root extracts were reported to inhibit biofilm formation in several Gram-positive and Gram-negative strains []. Beyond its pharmacological significance, has been a subject of numerous phytochemical investigations. The aerial parts of are rich source of flavonoids and their glycosides, mainly derivatives of kaempferol, quercetin and isorhamnetin, together with polymethoxylated flavonoids [,,,,,]. The latter are accumulated on the external plant surface and serve as chemotaxonomic markers for the genus []. The roots are characterized by the presence of various polyphenolic compounds such as primulaverin, primverin, acetophenones and their glycosides, bisbibenzyl compounds [,,,,,,]. Another type of secondary metabolites, oleanane type triterpene saponins, occur in both roots and aerial parts [,,,,,]. Studies on constituents have mainly focused on particular plant organs, specific classes of secondary metabolites, or populations from limited geographical areas. During the last decade, the chemical profile of has mainly been investigated using HPLC-HRMS-based metabolomic approaches [,,,,,]. Although these studies have significantly expanded the knowledge of its metabolite profile, the identification of constituents has been based primarily on tentative annotation using mass spectrometric data. In contrast, the investigations involving compound isolation and structural elucidation by NMR spectroscopy remain scarce. As a result, the identities of many reported constituents cannot be considered unequivocally established.