Intrathecal amylin reverses morphine tolerance through site-specific DNA methylation of Pdyn and Bdnf promoters in rats.

Anti-melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 (MDA5)-positive dermatomyositis (DM) is characterised by severe systemic manifestations, including vasculopathic skin lesions, rapidly progressive interstitial lung disease, and high short-term mortality [–]. Established prognostic biomarker frameworks such as FLATCAN, FLAIR, and CRAFT have identified laboratory features, including CD8 + T-cell depletion, hyperferritinaemia, hypoalbuminaemia, LDH elevation, CRP elevation, and age, as markers associated with adverse outcomes [–]. In the present study, variables highlighted by these models were used as established systemic reference markers for evaluating a cutaneous phenotyping framework. Skin involvement is clinically visible and biologically relevant in DM, but conventional descriptors often reduce cutaneous disease to the presence or absence of findings such as ulcers, mechanic’s hands, or Gottron papules/signs [–]. Such binary descriptors may lose information about anatomical location, lesion-feature type, and spatial extent. A structured observation framework may therefore help organise cutaneous heterogeneity and identify related statistical associations, without establishing a prediction model. The Cutaneous Dermatomyositis Disease Area and Severity Index (CDASI) provides a conceptual basis for structured regional assessment of dermatomyositis skin disease [–]. However, retrospective admission records often do not contain complete formal CDASI activity or damage scores. Therefore, rather than reconstructing or transposing CDASI scores, we used a CDASI-informed, medical-record-based site-by-lesion framework to organise available skin documentation into analysable regional descriptors.