AI-Enforced Ultra-Large Virtual Screening Discovers Potent CD28 Binders.

Music therapy is a non-invasive intervention that utilizes music to improve physical and psychological health, and its clinical benefits have been reported across a wide range of populations [,]. Music has been shown to influence emotional regulation, autonomic function, and stress responses, contributing to reductions in anxiety and depression, improvements in sleep quality, and enhanced quality of life [,,,]. As a result, music-based interventions have been increasingly applied as complementary approaches in diverse clinical settings, including cancer care, postoperative recovery, and geriatric populations [,,]. Among these applications, the effects of music on pain have been relatively well investigated. Previous studies and meta-analyses have demonstrated that music-based interventions can reduce perceived pain in various conditions, including postoperative pain, chronic pain, and cancer-related pain [,]. These analgesic effects are thought to involve multiple psychological and neurocognitive mechanisms, such as attentional distraction, emotional modulation, and expectancy effects [,]. The gate control theory of pain provides a theoretical framework for these observations, suggesting that cognitive and emotional processes can modulate nociceptive input at the spinal level []. However, the analgesic effects of music are not consistently observed, and considerable interindividual variability has been reported []. Factors such as music preference and familiarity may influence outcomes, yet relatively few studies have systematically incorporated these elements into intervention design []. In addition, although the endogenous opioid system has been proposed as a physiological mechanism underlying music-induced analgesia, direct evidence in humans remains limited, particularly in real-world settings [,,]. These findings highlight the need for more comprehensive evaluations that integrate psychological, physiological, and experiential dimensions.