Hip Arthroscopy for Femoroacetabular Impingement Syndrome Improves Patient-Reported Outcome Scores Regardless of Smoking Status.

Meningitis is a serious infection that causes inflammation of the subarachnoid space of the brain and spinal cord. It is usually caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites []. Newborns are especially vulnerable due to immature immunity, with neonatal meningitis classified as early-onset (≤72 hours after birth) or late-onset (>72 hours) [,]. The pathogens causing neonatal meningitis depend on gestational age, postnatal age, and location []. Early-onset cases are mainly due to (GBS) and () [,–]. Late-onset pathogens vary by gestational age, birth weight, and healthcare setting: GBS and are common in community-acquired cases, while staphylococci, (), and species are frequent in healthcare-associated infections [–]. Globally, the incidence and mortality rates of neonatal meningitis were estimated at 854 and 137.2 per 100,000 population, respectively, in 2019 []. The disease also imposes a substantial economic burden, with healthcare expenditures ranging from US$222 to US$33,635 per patient worldwide []. The incidence and mortality of neonatal meningitis are disproportionately higher in low- and middle-income countries, with 0.5–6 cases per 1,000 live births and mortality rates of 20–37%, compared to 0.3–0.4 cases per 1,000 live births and 2–10% mortality in high-income countries [,,–]. Among survivors, 20–50% develop long-term neurological sequelae, including hearing loss, blindness, epilepsy, hydrocephalus, subdural empyema, and psychomotor developmental delay [–].