Role of microbial metabolites in the pathogenesis of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy: From short‑chain fatty acids to tryptophan metabolites (Review).

Hip arthroscopy has emerged as a widely used, minimally invasive surgical intervention for addressing intra‐articular hip pathology, particularly femoroacetabular impingement syndrome (FAIS). As surgical techniques and diagnostic capabilities have evolved, the prevalence of hip arthroscopy has significantly increased over the past 2 decades. Numerous studies have shown improvements in postoperative outcomes across diverse patient populations, reinforcing its role in managing hip pain and restoring function., , With its growing use, there has been increasing interest in identifying patient‐specific demographic and clinical factors that may influence surgical outcomes. Among these factors, smoking status has long been recognized as a negative prognostic indicator across a range of medical and surgical conditions. A history of smoking is associated with impaired wound healing, increased infection risk, delayed bone union, and overall poorer surgical outcomes., , These effects are particularly well documented in orthopaedic surgery, where smoking has been linked to complications in procedures such as spinal fusion, joint replacement, and fracture repair., , To more accurately evaluate patient‐reported outcomes after orthopaedic procedures, the use of the Patient‐Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) has gained popularity. PROMIS scores, which include measures such as physical function (PF), pain interference (PI), and depression (Dep.), offer a validated, standardized approach to capturing meaningful changes in patient health and quality of life. Compared with legacy scoring systems such as Nonarthritic Hip Score, modified Harris Hip Score, Hip Outcome Score, and International Hip Outcome Tool, PROMIS is more sensitive to changes over time and is well suited for analyzing outcomes in large patient cohorts.,