From propofol to cipepofol (Cypsedo®), a new intravenous general anesthetic approved for adults undergoing surgery.

Ramat., formerly classified as (Ramat.) Kitam., is a perennial flowering species belonging to the family Asteraceae and is widely used in the ornamental plant industry as well as in medicinal and cosmetic applications. Within the global ornamental plant sector, chrysanthemum ranks among the four most preferred cut flower species and contributes substantially to the international floriculture market, accounting for more than 30% of global cut flower production []. The broad utilization and high commercial value of chrysanthemum continue to drive breeders and researchers to develop new cultivars each year. Conventional breeding approaches, particularly hybridization and mutation breeding, remain the most widely applied strategies for cultivar development []. However, mutation breeding approaches—especially those involving physical mutagens—require specialized facilities and strict regulatory compliance, while chemical mutagens pose environmental and occupational health risks [], limiting their broader application. Consequently, classical hybridization remains the dominant breeding strategy in chrysanthemum, aiming to generate genetic variation through controlled crossing of individuals with contrasting traits [, ]. Although advanced biotechnological tools such as genetic transformation and protoplast fusion offer alternative approaches for cultivar development, their high costs and technical complexity limit their widespread use [, ]. Hybridization is considered a simple and efficient breeding approach; however, the fertility of hybrid combinations represents one of the most critical limiting factors in this process []. Chrysanthemum is characterized by a highly heterozygous genome and a complex genetic background, which may limit classical breeding efforts. Long-term breeding activities— particularly intensive selection, the repeated use of a limited genetic pool, and breeding practices including mutation breeding— may have contributed to inbreeding depression and the accumulation of deleterious genetic load within breeding populations, potentially reducing overall fertility [, ]. Moreover, the sporophytic self-incompatibility (SI) system prevents self-fertilization and limits inbreeding; however, the extensive sharing of S-alleles among modern cultivars also results in fertilization failure even between genetically distinct individuals. This phenomenon markedly restricts seed formation in chrysanthemum [–]. In addition, the inability to produce viable pollen or the failure of pollen to germinate on the stigma and style constitutes another major barrier to successful seed set following hybridization [].