Ferroptosis Inducers Combined with Copper Ionophores Aggravate Lung Cancer-Related Fatigue via GSH Depletion and FKBP5-Associated Impairment of Nrf2/HO-1 Signaling.

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a heterogeneous neurodevelopmental condition with an estimated prevalence of 0.6–1.7% in children worldwide (). It is characterized by persistent deficits in social communication and interaction, as well as restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities. The etiology of ASD remains poorly understood but involves a complex interplay of genetic and environmental factors (; ; ). Beyond core symptoms, gastrointestinal (GI) disturbances are highly prevalent in children with ASD, affecting up to 70% of individuals (). Common symptoms include chronic constipation, diarrhea, abdominal pain, and bloating (; ). The severity of GI symptoms often correlates positively with the severity of autistic behaviors, suggesting a shared underlying mechanism (). The concept of the microbiota–gut–brain axis provides a biological framework linking gut microbes to central nervous system function through neural, hormonal, and immune pathways (; ). Several lines of evidence support a role for gut dysbiosis in ASD: (i) children with ASD frequently exhibit altered gut microbiota composition compared to typically developing (TD) controls; (ii) germ-free mice colonized with ASD microbiota develop ASD-like behaviors; (iii) interventions that modulate gut microbes, such as fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) or probiotics, can improve both GI and behavioral symptoms (; ; ). However, there is no universal microbial signature for ASD. Meta-analyses have reported inconsistent changes in specific taxa, partly due to differences in age, diet, geographic location, sequencing methods, and study design (; ).