Pilot validation of the genital psoriasis reported outcomes questionnaire in an Italian cohort.

Stunting is a condition characterized by impaired growth and development due to chronic malnutrition, and it remains a critical global health issue [–]. Stunting is primarily caused by poor nutrition during the first 1,000 days of life, which includes the period from conception to the child’s second birthday []. Children affected by stunting may never reach their full growth potential in height, and their cognitive development may also remain permanently hindered []. Moreover, children with stunted growth are at increased risk of lower educational achievement, and chronic diseases later in life [], According to the World Health Organization (WHO), stunting is still the most predominant type of pediatric malnutrition that affects children globally []. Globally, stunting affects over 148 million children (22%) under five, with the burden concentrated in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) []. Of these, about 83.8 million live in Asia and 58.7 million in Africa, highlighting persistent regional inequalities []. Indonesia, the most populous country in Southeast Asia [], has one of the region’s highest stunting rates []. Although prevalence has gradually declined from around 37% in 2007 to about 28% in 2019 [–], progress remains slow. The National Health Insurance (JKN) program, introduced in 2014 to improve healthcare access and nutrition services, is particularly relevant to stunting prevention as it supports access to antenatal care, maternal nutrition counseling, childhood immunization, and routine growth monitoring services []. However, despite these improvements, stunting remains a major public health challenge in the country []. Multiple studies have highlighted that stunting is influenced by a combination of child-specific, economic, health, and maternal factors. Key demographic characteristics, such as a child's age and gender, affect growth patterns, with older children and boys being more susceptible [–]. Low birth weight also significantly increases the risk of stunting []. Nutritional factors are vital in preventing stunting, as early feeding practices like prelacteal food can disrupt exclusive breastfeeding and increase the risk of infections [, ], while exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months is recommended to protect against stunting []. Moreover, vaccination status is crucial, as complete immunization helps prevent infections that can lead to stunted growth [].