Micronutrients in Pediatric Asthma: Biological Mechanisms and Clinical Evidence-A Narrative Review.

Genital psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin condition that affects the genitalia, including the penis, scrotum, vulva, perineum, and perianal region. It is characterized by well-demarcated erythematous plaques that typically have minimal scaling due to the moist environment in these areas. Genital psoriasis is clinically significant due to its psychological impact and the unique therapeutic challenges posed by the local anatomy and humidity (, ). The disease is initiated by the activation of innate immune cells (such as plasmacytoid dendritic cells, keratinocytes, and macrophages), which release cytokines that stimulate myeloid dendritic cells. These dendritic cells secrete interleukin (IL)-12 and IL-23, driving the differentiation and proliferation of T-helper (Th) cell subsets, particularly Th1, Th17, and Th22 cells (, , ). Genital psoriasis affects approximately one-third to nearly half of all patients with psoriasis at some point during the course of the disease (). Instantaneous prevalence rates from clinic-based studies range from 38 to 46% among psoriasis patients, while some population-based surveys report lifetime genital involvement in up to 63% of patients (). Genital psoriasis is often under-recognized and underdiagnosed, as many patients do not discuss genital symptoms with their physicians (, ).