Accuracy, safety, and usability of a real-time continuous glucose monitoring system in pediatric diabetes management.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and arterial hypertension (AH) frequently coexist and represent leading risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) []. Comorbidities associated with T2DM and AH accelerate the progression of renal dysfunction and adversely affect body composition characterized by increased adiposity and loss of skeletal muscle mass, thereby further increasing morbidity and mortality in this population []. Over recent decades, growing attention has been devoted to dietary patterns as modifiable risk factors, with the Mediterranean diet (MeDi) emerging as a central focus. Regarding renal function, an increasing body of evidence points toward a protective effect of the MeDi in individuals with metabolic disorders []. Recent studies and narrative reviews suggest that adherence to the MeDi is associated with a lower incidence and slower progression of diabetic kidney disease [], including more favorable changes in estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and albuminuria among populations with T2DM and obesity []. Although interventional studies remain limited, a growing number of publications are drawing attention to the potential role of the MeDi in preserving renal function [,]. Beyond its effects on clinical outcomes, the MeDi has also been investigated with respect to body composition []. Meta-analyses and recent clinical trials indicate that adherence to the MeDi, particularly when combined with tailored energy restriction and/or structured physical activity, can lead to reductions in body weight and waist circumference, as well as favorable shifts in fat mass and lean body mass [,]. However, effects on skeletal muscle mass and overall body composition quality remain heterogeneous across studies, underscoring the importance of individualized approaches and ongoing monitoring [].