Association between neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio and cerebral small vessel disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development recognizes noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) as a major global challenge for sustainable development that impact public health (). NCDs, such as cardiovascular diseases, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, dyslipidemia, cancer, musculoskeletal disorders, depression, and cognitive impairment, are associated with prolonged sedentary time and physical inactivity (). Also, NCDs are linked to inadequate sleep and poor nutrition (). Recently the rapid emergence and expansion of digital health communication tools have changed the behavior of many individuals towards healthier lifestyle (). These digital health interventions include mobile applications, wearable devices, social media platforms, web-based programs, SMS interventions, chatbots, and AI-powered tools (, ). Feedback, reminders, goal setting, social interaction, and gamification in digital communication tools can improve patient adherence to healthy behaviors (). These tools encourage positive behavior change and improve individuals’ overall well-being through enhancing self-monitoring, providing motivation and reminders, showing personalized feedback, and sustaining long-term engagement (, ).