Depression, anxiety, stress and ways to overcome them among healthcare workers during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in Russia.
Authors: Rozhdestvenskiy VI, Titova VV, Gorkovaya IA, Ivanov DO, Aleksandrovich YS
Journal: European Psychiatry
mental health
psychology
open access
Abstract
Jean-Martin Charcot (1825–1893), a French neurologist considered the father of modern neurology (
), played a pivotal role in the history of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).
In 1869, Charcot, in collaboration with Alix Joffroy,
published the article “Deux cas d'atrophie musculaire progressive avec lésions de la substance grise et des faisceaux antérolatéraux de la moelle épinière”
in the
. This work provided a detailed description of a previously-unrecognized neurological condition, laying the foundation for the modern understanding of this devastating disease. Their seminal study established the clinicopathological correlation involving muscle weakness and atrophy (lower motor neuron involvement), spasticity (upper motor neuron involvement), and degeneration of the lateral corticospinal tracts. Professor Jean-Martin Charcot (1825–1893). Source: Google Images (Alphabet Inc.). Charcot and Joffroy identified the progressive degeneration of motor neurons in the motor cortex, brainstem, and spinal cord, correlating the clinical signs (weakness, atrophy, and spasticity) with the underlying anatomical changes. It was the first comprehensive clinical and neuropathological description of what would later be known as
. Initially, Charcot named the condition
, reflecting its pathological hallmarks: Lateral sclerosis—hardening (degeneration) of the lateral corticospinal tracts; and Amyotrophic—muscle wasting due to denervation. We herein present an essential excerpt from the 1869 manuscript: “[...] The descending sclerosis secondary to encephalic lesions is characterized by a rounded focus that exhibits carmine affinity upon staining. Surrounding this focus, the spinal cord tissue remains histologically unremarkable, with a narrow band of preserved white matter. The lesions are bilateral and symmetrical, extending peripherally to the pia mater [...].”
The term
appears to be established in the twelfth and thirteenth lessons of Charcot's course published by Bourneville (1873), as well as in the subsequent compendia and collected works (1874), thereby solidifying the terminology and the clinical entity as distinct.
), played a pivotal role in the history of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).
In 1869, Charcot, in collaboration with Alix Joffroy,
published the article “Deux cas d'atrophie musculaire progressive avec lésions de la substance grise et des faisceaux antérolatéraux de la moelle épinière”
in the
. This work provided a detailed description of a previously-unrecognized neurological condition, laying the foundation for the modern understanding of this devastating disease. Their seminal study established the clinicopathological correlation involving muscle weakness and atrophy (lower motor neuron involvement), spasticity (upper motor neuron involvement), and degeneration of the lateral corticospinal tracts. Professor Jean-Martin Charcot (1825–1893). Source: Google Images (Alphabet Inc.). Charcot and Joffroy identified the progressive degeneration of motor neurons in the motor cortex, brainstem, and spinal cord, correlating the clinical signs (weakness, atrophy, and spasticity) with the underlying anatomical changes. It was the first comprehensive clinical and neuropathological description of what would later be known as
. Initially, Charcot named the condition
, reflecting its pathological hallmarks: Lateral sclerosis—hardening (degeneration) of the lateral corticospinal tracts; and Amyotrophic—muscle wasting due to denervation. We herein present an essential excerpt from the 1869 manuscript: “[...] The descending sclerosis secondary to encephalic lesions is characterized by a rounded focus that exhibits carmine affinity upon staining. Surrounding this focus, the spinal cord tissue remains histologically unremarkable, with a narrow band of preserved white matter. The lesions are bilateral and symmetrical, extending peripherally to the pia mater [...].”
The term
appears to be established in the twelfth and thirteenth lessons of Charcot's course published by Bourneville (1873), as well as in the subsequent compendia and collected works (1874), thereby solidifying the terminology and the clinical entity as distinct.