Strychnine as an Emerging Adulterant in the Illicit Fentanyl Drug Supply.

Disordered eating encompasses a broad spectrum of eating-related problems, including dietary restriction, excessive food consumption, loss of control over food intake, and compensatory or purging behaviors such as excessive exercise, medication misuse, and self-induced vomiting []. Although these behaviors are not necessarily classified as clinical diagnoses, they may progress into clinically significant eating disorders if not identified and addressed early, highlighting the importance of prevention and early detection efforts []. The relationship between exercise addiction and eating-disorder symptoms has been consistently demonstrated by independent research groups and is considered a well-established research area [,,]. Exercise addiction (EA) is conceptualized as a maladaptive behavioral pattern in which individuals lose control over their exercise behavior, leading to physical, psychological, or social harm [,,]. Primary EA refers to a condition in which individuals engage in exercise for its inherent rewarding effects, making exercise an end in itself, whereas secondary EA is driven by body image concerns and weight-control motives, in which exercise serves to achieve external goals [,,]. This primary–secondary distinction is theoretically important for the present study because the eating-related mechanisms examined here—dietary control, compensatory tendencies, and body- and shape-related concern—map most directly onto the weight- and shape-driven pathway; our analyses are primarily informative about secondary exercise-addiction risk, even though the EAI-3 indexes overall risk rather than separating the two subtypes. Individuals may develop EA to cope with emotions such as guilt and shame resulting from overeating, using exercise as a compensatory strategy to regulate eating behavior []. Therefore, eating disorder symptoms are considered among the key psychological processes associated with the risk of exercise addiction (REA). Mindful eating involves paying attention to eating behavior without autopilot or emotional reactivity, engaging all senses, and recognizing internal cues such as hunger and satiety in a non-judgmental manner. It is therefore considered a protective mechanism against maladaptive eating patterns [,,]. Research has consistently demonstrated a negative association between mindfulness and disordered eating tendencies [,,,,]. Based on this evidence, mindfulness-based interventions have been shown to be effective in the prevention and treatment of eating disorders [,]. Mindful eating has been found to reduce disordered eating behaviors such as binge eating, emotional eating, and restrictive eating while enhancing self-regulation abilities and promoting a more balanced relationship with food [,,,,,,].